Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose
volume Number 15، number In Volume 2، May 2022 ، issue Number 72

Introduction and stylistics of the Unknown Epic-Historical Ashob of India

Sakineh Nemati , Mohammad Reza Amini (Author in Charge)

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The unknown epic-historical Masnavi of the Turmoil of India describes a tragic war of power in the Great Mongol dynasty in the last years of Shah Jahan"s life based on objective observations and the honest narration of the Persian poet Beheshti Shirazi.This epic is one of the literary works of historiography in the Indian subcontinent combinated of narrative historical and literary narrative by a poet aware of historiography and literary techniques. This study tries to answer the basic question of what are the most prominent stylistic and content features of this work at the phonetic, lexical and rhetorical levels which has been hidden from the view of other scholars. The poet"s attitude towards historical events is analysed too.

METHODOLOGY: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted by referring to existing sources and other sources related to the life of Beheshti Shirazi and the stylistic and content characteristics of the Turmoil of india

FINDINGS: The research findings show that Beheshti, by mastering the knowledge of the time, familiarity with literary techniques, attending the court of Shah Jahan and directly observing of the historical events of the end of this powerful king and plecise analysising of the events, has composed a coherent narrative of an important and sensitive part of Indian history. He has been presented in 17 events with a smooth expression the beautiful descriptions and illustrations to the readers. Also, the end of the narrative of this sad battle of fratricide is the compilation of instructive advice based on historical documents.

CONCLUSION: Easy way to avoid, difficult writing,coherent combination of narrative history and literary narration,increase of verbal music in the form of using nominal rhymes compatible with epic language and epic words in rhyme,weakening the strength of epic language by using the verbs in exding syllabes, low frequency of semantics resulting from phonology, creating formal unity and harmony of words using repetition and punctuation,success in meaningful choices of words and epic combinations and lexical appropriateness, lexical coherence and stability,use of description in the horizontal axis and Vertical storytelling,narrative and descriptive characterization a direct and indirect way,use of pictorial tools of tangible similes, metaphorical metaphors, illustrated exaggerations, documentary allusions, mythical allusions,mystical and epistemological style,Ethics, orientation and depiction of human character and advice are the most central features of the style and content of this Masnavi.

Keyword
The Turmoil of India , Beheshti Shirazi , Stylistics , Epic-Historical , Shah Jahan's Era

• Beheshti Shirazi, Mohammad. (2009). The Turmoil of India, edited by Seyedeh Khorshid Fatemeh Hosseini, New Delhi: Alpha Art.
• Farshidvard, Khosrow. (1999). On Literature and Literary Criticism, Tehran: Amirkabir, p.31.
• Fotouhi, Mahmoud. (2012). Stylistics, Tehran: Sokhan, p.272.
• Hamidian, Sae’ed. (2004). An Introduction to Ferdowsi Thought and Art, Second Edition, Tehran: Nahid, p.443.
• Hedayat, Reza Gholi Khan. (1965). Riyadh al-Arifin, Tehran: Mahmoudi, p.119.
• Khaleqi Motlaq, Jalal. (2007). Epic, Comparative Phenomenology of Pahlavani Poetry, Tehran: Islamic Encyclopedia, p.27, 85.
• Khazane Darloo, Mohammad Ali. (1996). Persian Poems, Tehran: Rozaneh.
• Natel Khanlari, Parviz. (1968). Language of Poetry, Sokhan Magazine, Volume 18, pp.257-260.
• Nowruzi, Jamshid. (2010). Babar and Homayoun's interest in Iranian culture, Scientific and Research Quarterly of the History of Islam and Iran, Al-Zahra University, 20 (7), pp.135-154.
• Omrani, Gholamreza. (2003). Strategies for teaching and learning Persian, fifth edition, Tehran: Andishehsazan, p.23.
• Ouhadi Biliani, Taghi. (2010). Arafat Al-Asheghin and Arsat Al-Arifin, Tehran: Written Heritage Research Center, p.789.
• Safa, Zabihullah. (1990). History of Literature in Iran, seventh edition, Tehran: Tabesh, p.1551.
• Safa, Zabihullah. (2001). Epic Song in Iran, Third Edition, Tehran: Ferdows.
• Shafiee Kadkani, Mohammad Reza. (1996). Images of Imagination in Persian Poetry, sixth edition, Tehran: Agah, p.27.
• Shafiee Kadkani, MohammadReza. (1994). Poetry Music, Tehran: Agah.
• Shafiee Kadkani, MohammadReza. (1996). Images of Imagination in Persian Poetry, sixth edition, Tehran: Agah, p.27.
• Shafiee Kadkani, MohammadReza. (2001). Advar Sha’farsi, Fifth Edition, Tehran: Sokhan, p.19.
• Shamisa, Sirus. (1995). Introduction to Prose and Rhyme, Eleventh Edition, Tehran: Ferdowsi, p.49.
• Shamisa, Sirus. (2004). A new look at Badie, Tehran: Ferdows, p.77.
• Shamisa, Sirus. (2004). Literary type, Tehran: Ferdowsi, p.96, 99, 104.
• Shamisa, Sirus. (2011). Bayan, Fourth Edition, Tehran: Mitra, p.226.
• Shimel, Anne Marie. (2007). In the realm of the Mongol dynasty, translated by Faramarz Samiei, Tehran: Amirkabir, p.21.
• Tabataba’i, Gholam Hossein. (1815). The Recent Travels, Lucknow: Null Country, p.301.
• Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein. (2005). Roozgaran, seventh edition, Tehran: Sokhan, p.676.